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Practice Questions & Answers: The Cold War Era - Notes | Study Political Science Class 12 - Humanities/Arts – Santa Monica Rent Board

NATO forms a collective defence mechanism in which its autonomous member states commit to joint protection in response to an attack from any outside party. Berlin Blockade (June 24, 1948-May 12, 1949) was one of the Cold War's first international foreign crises. 00/2 - 2246: Telegram. Cold war questions and answers pdf 2022. It should not be thought from above that Soviet party line is necessarily disingenuous and insincere on part of all those who put it forward. To this was added, as Russia came into contact with economically advanced West, fear of more competent, more powerful, more highly organized societies in that area.

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It indicates that Soviet party line is not based on any objective analysis of situation beyond Russia's borders; that it has, indeed, little to do with conditions outside of Russia; that it arises mainly from basic inner-Russian necessities which existed before recent war and exist today. Though India's policy of non-alignment was criticised on a number of counts: Q. Williams, William Appleman. 00B International Red Day/2 - 2546: Airgram. Mention the period of the first and second World War. For this reason they have always feared foreign penetration, feared direct contact between Western world and their own, feared what would happen if Russians learned truth about world without or if foreigners learned truth about world within. The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 3 vols. Cambridge University Press, 2005. Cold war questions and answers pdf free worksheets. It has yet to be demonstrated that it can survive supreme test of successive transfer of power from one individual or group to another. Soviet policy, as Department implies in its query under reference, is conducted on two planes: (1) official plane represented by actions undertaken officially in name of Soviet Government; and (2) subterranean plane of actions undertaken by agencies for which Soviet Government does not admit responsibility. It is not enough to urge people to develop political processes similar to our own.

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What is the rationale of Non-aligned movement after the end of Cold War? Leffler, Melvyn and Westad, Odd Arne, eds. Ii) What was NATO's policy? Anti-British talk will be plugged among Americans, anti-American talk among British. Practice Questions & Answers: The Cold War Era - Notes | Study Political Science Class 12 - Humanities/Arts. Conversely, no opportunity most be missed to reduce strength and influence, collectively as well as individually, of capitalist powers. Emergence of bipolar world: Arenas of Cold War: Q. Smart capitalists, vainly seeking escape from inner conflicts of capitalism, incline toward latter.

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Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984. Basic internal conflicts in advanced countries are no longer primarily those arising out of capitalist ownership of means of production, but are ones arising from advanced urbanism and industrialism as such, which Russia has thus far been spared not by socialism but only by her own backwardness. Questions to ask about the cold war. Greatest of them is that between England and US. I hope, therefore, Dept will bear with me if I submit in answer to this question five parts, subjects of which will be roughly as follows: (1) Basic features of post-war Soviet outlook.

Questions To Ask About The Cold War

5) Finally we must have courage and self-confidence to cling to our own methods and conceptions of human society. Revolutions in Sovereignty: How Ideas Shaped Modern International Relations. The decision of the Soviet Union to invade Hungary in 1956, whilst acknowledging the need to control events in Poland, came about through a myriad of complex reasons as well as the collapse of the old Hegemony, following Krushchev's 'secret speech' (denouncing the policies adopted by Stalin, during his tenure). After Stalin's death or retirement will be second.

The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. Press cannot do this alone. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy. 3) Success of Soviet system, as form of internal power, is not yet finally proven. G) With respect to cultural collaboration, lip service will likewise be rendered to desirability of deepening cultural contacts between peoples, but this will not in practice be interpreted in any way which could weaken security position of Soviet peoples. How did superpowers maintain arms- control? The UNCTAD brought out a report in 1972 entitled Towards a New Trade Policy for Development. Experience has shown that peaceful and mutually profitable coexistence of capitalist and socialist states is entirely possible.

I apologize in advance for this burdening of telegraphic channel; but questions involved are of such urgent importance, particularly in view of recent events, that our answers to them, if they deserve attention at all, seem to me to deserve it at once. As a rule they are used to penetrate, and to influence or dominate, as case may be, other organizations less likely to be suspected of being tools of Soviet Government, with a view to accomplishing their purposes through [apparent omission] organizations, rather than by direct action as a separate political party. 2) We must see that our public is educated to realities of Russian situation. The violation of this Treaty of Versailles led to the Second World War (1939-45). Thus, if the adversary has sufficient force and makes clear his readiness to use it, he rarely has to do so. The USSR lifted West Berlin's blockade on 12 May 1949, though the Americans and British continued to supply the city by air anyway for a time. I feel that if there is any real risk here involved, it is one which we should have courage to face, and sooner the better. A disputed Himalayan border was the main cause of the war. The Great American Mission: Modernization and the Construction of An American World Order.

Bangladesh shares the land borders with Myanmar to the South-East, India to the West, North, and East, and the Bay of Bengal to the South. Developed countries of NAM and to lift them out of poverty by their sustainable development. Christian Democrats and Social Democrats prevailed in the West, competing in elections but united in opposition to communism.

In addition, the court addressed the provision authorizing the board to impose a "civil penalty" up to $1, 000 for violation of the landlord-tenant laws. While these orders are not executed by a third party, as in the rent control situation, they may cause far greater economic losses before judicial review or a stay is available. In 1984 the Charter Amendment was revised. Nonetheless they reject the former provision of the Santa Monica ordinance which provided that the Board may order a landlord who has overcharged on rents to pay the tenant "three (3) times the amount by which the payment... Santa monica rent control board members ... p. received or retained exceeds the maximum lawful rent. " It expressly authorized Plevka (who remained in possession of the rental unit) to withhold $2, 797. In Dyna-Med, supra, 43 Cal.

Santa Monica Rent Board

PANELLI, J. I concur fully in the judgment and its underlying reasoning. Thus while the statutory procedure is facially punitive, its effect is to provide an administrative remedy clearly relevant to plaintiff's claim. 48 [81 at p. 918]. ) 124 N. How Come There Isn't One Landlord on Santa Monica Rent Control Board. 2d 123, 127. ) 82), and we expressly declined to imply that the Board lacked "authority to require compensatory relief as a condition for reinstatement of licenses" (id. XVIII, Santa Monica City Charter, hereafter Charter Amendment) which provides for administrative adjudication of excess rent claims and imposition of treble damages (id., [49 Cal.

244), and instead found all of the above-listed remedial powers were proper. In Investors, supra, 312 A. Kurt Gonska appointed to fill vacant Rent Control Board seat. I know a lot about this subject because as a landlord I applied to fill a vacancy in 2016 but was not appointed. In the decade since rent control was imposed in Santa Monica, no one has ever been elected or appointed to the city's Rent Control Board who was not associated with the powerful tenant political group Santa Monicans for Renters' Rights. After noting that it had previously characterized the landlord-tenant scheme involved in Block v. 135, as involving "public rights, " the court observed that such "proceedings surely determine liabilities of individuals, " and yet they would be "beyond the power of Congress" under a restrictive interpretation of the public rights doctrine.

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303 [358 N. 2d 235, 241-243] [same]; State Commission for Human Rights v. Speer (1971) 29 N. Y. "The dedication that he showed in showing up even though he was not an appointed board member, also that he has real life experience as far as having to go through the ebbs and flows of fighting with a landlord and knowing the steps that need to be taken, shows he has the passion and dedication that we need for commissioner, " said Commissioner Lesley. Santa monica rent control board election. 2d 444, 446, we again addressed a board's power to revoke a license, stating, "we think that the sounder conclusion, in view of changing and increasing governmental activities, is that such boards are actually engaged in enforcing administrative determinations. This is the case even if the Seventh Amendment would have required a jury where the adjudication of those rights is assigned to a federal court of law instead of an administrative agency. It stressed that such a power may constitutionally be delegated to an administrative agency (id., at p. 246). The court noted that under the statutory scheme at issue Congress had "created a new cause of action, and remedies therefor, unknown to the common law, and placed their enforcement in a tribunal supplying speedy and expert resolutions of the issues involved. We reasoned that the board's powers, although broadly stated, were "regulatory in nature" and did not contemplate tort damages. Our constitutional provision confining "judicial powers" to the courts (Cal.

The majority's unspoken assumption is that a tenant who has withheld rent will be unwilling or unable to satisfy a judgment ordering the repayment of the withheld rent. Agencies engaged in making administrative determinations, unlike courts, have the power and the facilities to investigate and initiate action and, more or less informally, find the facts which under the law justify a course of action. The presumption of constitutionality applies to municipal ordinances. Some procedural concerns arising in this case are discussed post, pages 375-377. They conclude, too, that "restitutive" compensatory damages are appropriate in the rent control context. Fallon, supra, 101 915, 921. ) 161, 771 P. 2d 1247]. ) Initially, the courts reacted to this executive expansion with the suspicion and fear that the burgeoning bureaucracy would endanger the prevailing concepts of individual rights. ] But they must concern matters of an executive character. 3d 1379, we construed a provision of the Fair Employment and Housing Act authorizing remedies including "backpay" for employees discriminated against by their employers. Santa Monica voters to consider tighter rent control •. Again, Dyna-Med was a statutory interpretation case, and did not address constitutional concerns relating to administrative power; we held that the statute did not allow the commission to impose punitive damages. The Board's decision was made in late March 1983.

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If, on the other hand, the term "quasijudicial" were understood as encompassing administrative powers meeting the test set out herein, use of the term as a shorthand means of describing the permissible scope of administrative power would be unobjectionable. Borrino said that without rent control, monthly rents would rise to the levels found in Marina del Rey, where rent control was removed five years ago. The authority to make money awards, the court held, has the same "status" -- in terms of its effect on "governing personal conduct" -- as does the board's recognized authority to issue cease and desist orders. "[A]rticle VI disposes of all judicial power not expressly disposed of elsewhere in the Constitution.... [A]lthough the Legislature retains the authority to grant a multitude of powers to local bodies pursuant to article XI, powers of a judicial nature are no longer at its disposal. " See Kentucky Com'n on Human Rights v. Fraser (Ky. 1981) 625 S. 2d 852, 855; City of Waukegan, supra, 311 N. 2d 146, 151-152; Jackson v. Santa monica rent board. Concord Company (1960) 54 N. 113 [ 253 A. Ed Simonian, 51, owns two buildings with a total of nine units. We will also conclude that, on the facts of this case, the Board's order, which authorizes immediate rent withholding, violates the judicial powers clause. "]; see also Zahorian, supra, 301 A. The Ellis Act, adopted in 1986, allows landlords to legally evict tenants and go out of business, provided they give adequate notice and pay relocation fees.

I fear that this opinion unwittingly will call into question the legitimacy of administrative action which is widespread and necessary for the protection of the public. 12), unanimously hold that no jury trial right exists as to adjudication of a matter otherwise properly within the regulatory power of an administrative agency. Footnote omitted. ]" 3d 370] "economic loss, " and "minor" or "incidental" damages for "emotional distress"]; see generally David v. Vesta Co., supra, 212 A. Commission v. Reese (1977) 93 Nev. 115 [560 P. 2d 1352, 1353-1356]; Wylie Corp. Mowrer (1986) 104 N. M. 751 [726 P. 2d 1381, 1382-1383] [overruling State v. Mechem (1957) 63 N. 250 (316 P. 2d 1069, 1070-1072)];Jaffe, Judicial Control of Administrative Action, supra, p. 97. The court continued: "[The Board is] 'an administrative body or arm of the government, which in the course of its administration of a law is empowered to ascertain some questions of fact and apply the existing law thereto, and in so doing acts quasi-judicially; but it is not thereby vested with judicial power in the constitutional sense. '" Neither statute has faced a challenge based on the agency's constitutional authority to order such remedies, although our courts have affirmed administrative decisions imposing such damages. 234, 481 P. 2d 242]. ) 383 [40 at p. 213]. )

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See Massachusetts Com'n Against Discrim. 45 nor do we consider the propriety of relatively minor "punitive damages" under statutory schemes that expressly authorize such damages, and set a cap on such awards. The decisions forthrightly recognize that administrative agencies do indeed exercise "judicial-like" powers, and accept the need for broad administrative powers in our increasingly complex government. Subsequent cases have held that a licensing agency may condition suspension or revocation of a license on the licensee's making restitution to a beneficiary of the regulation. People v. One 1941 Chevrolet Coupe (1951) 37 Cal.

2d 75, 81-85 [87 P. 2d 848]; Laisne v. Cal. Niemann also advocates a better relationship with landlords. The court "distinguished" a decades old prior opinion on the ground, inter alia, that its [49 Cal. The order is effective immediately and may require immediate compliance. 08 declared by the Board to be owed to Smith. 3d 232, the Court of Appeal construed that statute and upheld an award of "punitive" damages in a housing discrimination case. Thus, contrary to plaintiff's suggestions, we perceive no danger that the view of judicial power embraced by our sister states will lead to a proliferation of agencies created to adjudicate specialized private disputes, thereby undermining the traditional role of the [49 Cal. We will conclude that these limitations on agency adjudication provide a reasoned and workable test by which to measure challenges under our Constitution's judicial powers clause, and will adopt that test as our own. It is one thing to strike down a relatively isolated provision, quite another to demand widespread reform of entrenched institutional practice. 135 [65 L. 865, 41 S. Ct. 458, 16 A. Having reached this conclusion we need not address plaintiff's assertion that Grossblatt v. Wright (1951) 108 Cal. In the course of our discussion we described remedies such as backpay as different from punitive damages because such remedies are "exclusively corrective and equitable in kind.
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