Earthquake | Definition, Causes, Effects, & Facts | Britannica

Earthquake prediction. Describe the Wilson Cycle, beginning with continental rifting, ocean basin creation, plate subduction, and ending with ocean basin closure. Student exploration plate tectonics answer key strokes. As it continues to spread and cool, the lithosphere settles into wide swathes of relatively featureless topography called abyssal plains with lower topography. Question 2 Correct Mark 100 out of 100 Flag question Question text What does the. Locate: Turn on Show location.

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The deeper parts of the crust are subjected to higher temperatures and pressure, which makes them more ductile. Underneath the plates is a much hotter and more ductile layer that contains zones of convective upwelling generated by the interior heat of Earth. The energy released in earthquakes from this belt is about 15 percent of the world total. Wadati-Benioff Zones. Student exploration plate tectonics answer key worksheet. Mantovani, R., 1889, Les fractures de l'écorce terrestre et la théorie de Laplace: Bull. The crust is made up of several major types of rock (called lithospheres) of varying sizes, and there are several major geologic processes that can affect the crust. The Pyrenees mountains begin in the Iberian Peninsula and cross into France. It is the largest chemical layer by volume, extending from the base of the crust to a depth of about 2900 km. Thrust faults have deformed the non-volcanic eastern spine, pushing rocks and pieces of the continental plate on top of each other. The concept of plate tectonics was just as revolutionary for geology.

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Sediment accumulation patterns also confirm the idea of sea-floor spreading. What was a previous earthquake recorded in the area? Student exploration plate tectonics answer key quizlet. The land on the left side of the boundary moves backwards. Also, scientists use the age of volcanic eruptions and the shape of the chain to quantify the rate and direction of plate motion relative to the hotspot. Several of these idea revolutions forced scientists to re-examine their entire field, triggering a paradigm shift that shook up their conventionally held knowledge.

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When the two plates both contain continental crust, it is called a collisional boundary. Before long, scientists proposed other models showing plates moving with respect to each other, with clear boundaries between them. He used true edges of the continents, based on the shapes of the continental shelves. This process is known as rift-to-drift. Use for 5 minutes a day. When it does emerge, the eruptions are generally much more violent. Plate boundaries are where we see plate tectonics in action—mountain building, triggering earthquakes, and generating volcanic activity. The ridge feature is created by the accumulation of hot lithosphere material, which is lighter than the dense underlying asthenosphere. Earthquake | Definition, Causes, Effects, & Facts | Britannica. Extensional back-arc faults pull rocks and chunks of plates apart. Decompression melting in the rift zone changes asthenosphere material into the new lithosphere, which oozes up through cracks in the oceanic plate. Why is an earthquake dangerous?

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When oceanic crust connected by a passive margin to continental crust completely subducts beneath a continent, an ocean basin closes, and continental collision begins. Video of the origin of the San Andreas fault. 5 Transform Boundaries. The continental plate behind the volcanic arc gets stretched like pizza dough until the surface cracks and collapses to form a backarc basin. Ophiolites are pieces of the mantle that have risen through the crust until they are exposed as part of the ocean floor. It ranges in thickness from nearly zero in new plates found around mid-ocean ridges, to an average of 140 km in most other locations. What makes it different is this hotspot is located under a thick, continental plate. The most recent major eruption of this hotspot created the Yellowstone Caldera and Lava Creek tuff formation approximately 631, 000 years ago. Powell, R. E., and Weldon, R. J., 1992, Evolution of the San Andreas fault: Annu. 2 Yellowstone hotspot. Conclusion: Write a summary of the 4 types of plate boundaries with descriptions. Some suggest that hotspots originate from super-heated material from as deep as the core that reaches the Earth's crust as a mantle plume. Broad rifts also have numerous fault zones, but they are distributed over wide areas of deformation.

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In fact, the first hard evidence to support plate motion came from paleomagnetism. Transpression and Transtension. The problem with this hypothesis is the improbability of a land bridge being tall and long enough to stretch across a broad, deep ocean. One mechanism proposes that rifting happens because continental plates reflect the heat much better than oceanic plates. Rift-zone activity is responsible for generating some unique volcanism, such as the Ol Doinyo Lengai in Tanzania. Brittle materials are like solid glass or pottery, they break under force, especially when it is applied quickly. Where on Earth can you find this type of boundary? Subducting slabs have also been named as causing mantle plumes and hot-spot volcanism. Like the Hawaiian version, the Yellowstone hotspot is formed by magma rising through the lithosphere. The oceanic lithosphere is denser than the continental lithosphere, and, when old and cold, may even be denser than the asthenosphere. This paleomagnetic pattern provides a great historical record of ocean-floor movement, and is used to reconstruct past tectonic activity and determine rates of ridge spreading. These convection currents move the surface plates around—bringing them together, pulling them apart, and shearing them side-by-side.

Intensity and magnitude of earthquakes. Obviously, the continents did not appear to move, and changing the conservative minds of the scientific community would require exceptional evidence that supported a credible mechanism. Wyllie, P. J., 1970, Ultramafic rocks and the upper mantle, in Morgan, B. When mixed with asthenospheric material above the plate, the volatile lower the melting point of the mantle wedge, and through a process called flux melting it becomes liquid magma.

Sketch: Draw a side view of the plate boundary before and after the plate motion.