2.3 Guided Notes With Answers | Pdf | Carbohydrates | Macromolecules
Glycogen is also a polymer of glucose, but it is stored in the tissues of animals, especially in the muscles and liver. Organic compounds essential to human functioning include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides. The glycogen stored in your muscles supplies the energy for muscle contraction. Review Key Concepts. Some nucleotides, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), play important roles in capturing and transferring chemical energy. Each of the four types of macromolecules—proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids—has its own characteristic set of functional groups that contributes greatly to its differing chemical properties and its function in living organisms. Alternatively, triglycerides with trans double bonds (popularly called trans fats), have relatively linear fatty acids that are able to pack tightly together at room temperature and form solid fats. The functional groups in a macromolecule are usually attached to the carbon backbone at one or several different places along its chain and/or ring structure. Provide examples of carbohydrates, and identify the primary functions of carbohydrates in the body. Organic compounds answer key. However, some macromolecules are made up of several "copies" of single units called monomer (mono- = "one"; -mer = "part"). More ATP is produced in the presence of oxygen (O2) than in pathways that do not use oxygen. The common categories of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes. ACTIVATE PRIOR KNOWLEDGE – CARBON COMPOUNDS.
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- Carbon compounds answer key
2.3 Carbon Compounds Answer Key.Com
An example of a hydrophobic group is the nonpolar methyl molecule. Moreover, proteins in the cell membrane help to transport electrolytes in and out of the cell, keeping these ions in a healthy balance. What makes organic compounds ubiquitous is the chemistry of their carbon core. It is likely that enzymes speed up chemical reactions in part because the enzyme–substrate complex undergoes a set of temporary and reversible changes that cause the substrates to be oriented toward each other in an optimal position to facilitate their interaction. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING – ADJUST INSTRUCTION. Other functional groups, such as the carbonyl group, have a partially negatively charged oxygen atom that may form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, again making the molecule more hydrophilic. Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbon's affinity for covalent bonding means that many distinct and relatively stable organic molecules readily form larger, more complex molecules. DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION – EXTRA CREDIT. FIGURE 2-13 – POLYMERIZATION. Carbon compounds answer key. Sets found in the same folder. Everything you want to read.
24a) differ in the placement of their covalent bonds: both molecules have four carbons and ten hydrogens (C4H10), but the different atom arrangement within the molecules leads to differences in their chemical properties. Any amino acid can be joined to any other amino acid by a peptide bond formed between these amino and carboxyl groups. Males and females were crossed, and the progeny consisted of 16 yellow-bodied males with vestigial wings, 48 yellow-bodied males with normal wings, 15 males with brown bodies and vestigial wings, 49 wild-type males, 31 brown-bodied females with vestigial wings, and 97 wild-type females. 2.3 Guided Notes With Answers | PDF | Carbohydrates | Macromolecules. Adenosine Triphosphate. 2. Review Name four groups of organic compounds found in living things. If the disaccharide maltose is formed from two glucose monosaccharides, which are hexose sugars, how many atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen does maltose contain and why?
2.3 Carbon Compounds Answer Key Figures
Proteins are also components of many of the body's functional chemicals, including digestive enzymes in the digestive tract, antibodies, the neurotransmitters that neurons use to communicate with other cells, and the peptide-based hormones that regulate certain body functions (for instance, growth hormone). 2.3 carbon compounds answer key figures. Another type of hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbons, consists of closed rings of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. We find them along the "carbon backbone" of macromolecules. ANALYZING DATA – COMPARING FATTY ACIDS. The hydrocarbons ethane, ethene, and ethyne serve as examples of how different carbon-to-carbon bonds affect the molecule's geometry.
Number of Double Bonds. Any given enzyme catalyzes just one type of chemical reaction. 3): - Starches are polymers of glucose. Amino acids differ from each other in a side chain called the R-group, which have a range of different properties. The unique bond holding amino acids together is called a peptide bond. VISUAL QUIZ – MACROMOLECULES. Although both plants and animals synthesize sterols, the type that makes the most important contribution to human structure and function is cholesterol, which is synthesized by the liver in humans and animals and is also present in most animal-based foods. However, instead of having three fatty acids, a phospholipid is generated from a diglyceride, a glycerol with just two fatty acid chains (Figure 2. For example, these "glycoproteins" may allow sperm to recognize egg cells during fertilization and fetuses to avoid detection and attack by the maternal immune system during gestation. Like a hormone, a prostaglandin is one of a group of signaling molecules, but prostaglandins are derived from unsaturated fatty acids (see Figure 2. For example, the long, slender shape of protein strands that make up muscle tissue is essential to their ability to contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen). Furthermore, a molecule's different geometries of single, double, and triple covalent bonds alter the overall molecule's geometry as Figure 2. Share this document. Recall that carbon atoms have four electrons in their valence shell, and that the octet rule dictates that atoms tend to react in such a way as to complete their valence shell with eight electrons.
Organic Compounds Answer Key
In triglycerides (fats and oils), long carbon chains known as fatty acids may contain double bonds, which can be in either the cis or trans configuration, as Figure 2. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is created during protein synthesis to carry the genetic instructions from the DNA to the cell's protein manufacturing plants in the cytoplasm and the ribosomes. The "choices" of base for DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Less commonly, a polypeptide chain can form a beta-pleated sheet, in which hydrogen bonds form bridges between different regions of a single polypeptide that has folded back upon itself, or between two or more adjacent polypeptide chains. It helps you feel full so you eat less, it promotes a healthy digestive tract, and a diet high in fiber is thought to reduce the risk of heart disease and possibly some forms of cancer. For example, growth hormone is important for skeletal growth, among other roles. Created by living things, they are found throughout the world, in soils and seas, commercial products, and every cell of the human body. They can thereby produce glycoproteins or proteoglycans, both of which have many functions in the body. Also, certain proteins act as hormones and chemical messengers that help regulate body functions. A pentose sugar: either deoxyribose or ribose.
Share on LinkedIn, opens a new window. 3 ASSESSMENT – LET'S SEE HOW YOU'RE DOING ☺. Each monomer contributes; one gives up a hydrogen atom and the other gives up a hydroxyl group. The nitrogen-containing bases adenine and guanine are classified as purines.
Carbon Compounds Answer Key
One reason that the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish are beneficial is that they stimulate the production of certain prostaglandins that help regulate aspects of blood pressure and inflammation, and thereby reduce the risk for heart disease. RNA contains the sugar ribose and DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose. Other sets by this creator. Examples of biological molecules that incorporate the benzene ring include some amino acids and cholesterol and its derivatives, including the hormones estrogen and testosterone. The fourth type of organic compound important to human structure and function are the nucleotides (Figure 2. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen. The bonds between their monomers are broken, via the donation of a molecule of water, which contributes a hydrogen atom to one monomer and a hydroxyl group to the other. Levels of Organization. Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound, in this case, resulting in ATP.
The bases cytosine, thymine (found in DNA only) and uracil (found in RNA only) are pyramidines. Three disaccharides (shown in Figure 2. Many complex molecules called macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids comprise cells. This promotes increased reaction speed. The enzyme is then free to engage in the process again, and will do so as long as substrate remains. Besides glucose, monosaccharides include galactose, which is a component of milk, and fructose, which is found in many fruits. Double and triple bonds change the molecule's geometry: single bonds allow rotation along the bond's axis; whereas, double bonds lead to a planar configuration and triple bonds to a linear one. The overall reaction for the conversion of the energy in glucose to energy stored in ATP can be written: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP.