Like A Situation In Which Emotional Persuasion Trump's Factual Accuracy

Jolley, D. & Douglas, K. Prevention is better than cure: addressing anti-vaccine conspiracy theories. Communication Research, 47, 104–124. Boekel, M. V. Knowledge revision through the lenses of the three-pronged approach. We manipulate the extent to which individuals rely on emotion (in general Footnote 4) or reason when judging the accuracy of news headlines.

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Hekster, O. in The Representation and Perception of Roman Imperial Power (eds. Dai, Y., Yu, W. & Shen, F. The effects of message order and debiasing information in misinformation correction. People trust human information sources more if they perceive the source as attractive, powerful and similar to themselves 54. See Additional file 1: Table S1 for relevant descriptive statistics. Instead, misinformation and corrective information coexist and compete for activation. The internet reaches billions of individuals and enables senders to tailor persuasive messages to the specific psychological profiles of individual users 11, 12. Golovchenko, Y., Hartmann, M. Like a situation in which emotional persuasion trump's factual accuracy of statements. & Adler-Nissen, R. State media and civil society in the information warfare over Ukraine: citizen curators of digital disinformation. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. That's because people think they have their own facts.

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Fake news and the economy of emotions: Problems, causes, solutions. Given the benefits of persuading onlookers through observational correction, everyone should be encouraged to civilly, carefully and thoughtfully correct online misinformation where they encounter it (unless they deem it a harmless fringe view) 119, 206. Beyond misinformation: understanding and coping with the post-truth era. This joint significant interaction appeared to be driven by the interaction between the reason condition, type of news, and experiment 4 (p = 0. Furthermore, since all four experiments had essentially identical designs (in particular, manipulated reliance on emotion and reason, and asked for judgments of headline accuracy), we aggregate the data from each experiment and nest the subject within experiment in our random effects. This influence might be due to a general negativity bias 11, 135 or more specific emotional influences. Because a simple retraction will create a gap in a person's mental model, especially in situations that require a causal explanation (for example, a fire must be caused by something), a refutation that can fill in details of a causal, plausible, simple and memorable alternative explanation will reduce subsequent recall of the retracted misinformation. Dechêne, A., Stahl, C., Hansen, J. We start by investigating the relative use of reason versus emotion, and then (as argued above), we treat reason and emotion as separate continua and investigate their unique roles in fake/real news belief. The ideas that you think about the most are the ones that automatically and irrationally rise in your mental list of priorities. LIKE A SITUATION IN WHICH EMOTIONAL PERSUASION TRUMPS FACTUAL ACCURACY crossword clue - All synonyms & answers. Briñol, P. & Petty, R. Source factors in persuasion: a self-validation approach. The headlines were presented in the format of a Facebook post—namely, with a picture accompanied by a headline, byline, and a source (see Fig. These regulations might include penalties for creating and disseminating disinformation where intentionality and harm can be established, and mandating platforms to be more proactive, transparent and effective in their dealings with misinformation. Crockett, M. Moral outrage in the digital age.

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Motivated cognition versus classical reasoning. We are interested in your opinion about whether the headlines are accurate or not. The general content of postinoculation talk: recalled issue-specific conversations following inoculation treatments. One school of thought — the integration account — suggests that the CIE arises when a correction is not sufficiently encoded and integrated with the misinformation in the memory network (Fig. Like a situation in which emotional persuasion trump's factual accuracy doesn t. Against this backdrop, the psychological factors discussed in this Review have implications for practitioners in various fields — journalists, legislators, public health officials and healthcare workers — as well as information consumers. Hughes, M. Discrediting in a message board forum: the effects of social support and attacks on expertise and trustworthiness. We found a joint significant interaction between condition, type of news, and study, F(4, 37, 541. But one thing we all knew for sure was that it was hard to ignore.

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44, 1362–1367 (2008). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. A potential limitation of Study 1 is that our results could be in partly driven by floor effects, as most participants self-reported experiencing a relatively low level of emotion. 48, 1112–1127 (2020). Levine, E. E., Barasch, A., Rand, D., Berman, J. Affective feelings have also been found to demonstrate a flexible influence on cognition; that is, both positive and negative emotions may improve cognitive performance, depending on the nature of the task (e. g., creative versus analytic) and processing styles available (e. g., heuristic versus systematic; see Huntsinger and Ray 2016). Like a situation in which emotional persuasion trumps factual accuracy crossword clue. Such findings suggest that relying on existing feelings may contribute to inaccurate assessments of truth by directly increasing credulity of typically implausible content, rather than solely by reducing analytic thinking. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Finally, there is evidence that corrections can also benefit from emotional recalibration. This persistence is known as the continued influence effect (CIE) 85, 86, 87, 88. Discourse 10, 431–437 (2020). Taken together, these analyses suggest some evidence of a three-way interaction among study, type of news, and condition. Murphy, G., Loftus, E. F., Grady, R. H., Levine, L. & Greene, C. False memories for fake news during Ireland's abortion referendum.

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Assuming that information integration relies on processing in working memory (the short-term store used to briefly hold and manipulate information in the service of thinking and reasoning), the finding that lower working memory capacity predicts greater susceptibility to the CIE is also in line with this account 105 (although it has not been replicated 106). This approach, as well as the inclusion of a baseline condition in our experimental design, allows us to ask whether belief in fake news is more likely to be the result of merely failing to engage in reasoning rather than being specifically promoted by reliance on emotion. Therefore, whether a causal impact of reasoning on resistance to fake news—and/or a causal effect of emotion on susceptibility to fake news—exists remains unclear. Brashier, N. M., Pennycook, G., Berinsky, A. Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction | Reviews Psychology. The 2016 US presidential election and UK Brexit vote focused attention on the spread of "fake news" ("fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent"; Lazer et al. The motivated account would also predict analytic thinking to justify greater belief in concordant real news. Zhou, J. Boomerangs versus javelins: how polarization constrains communication on climate change. There is robust evidence that integration of the correction and misinformation is a necessary, albeit not sufficient, condition for memory updating and knowledge revision 100. While participants are still largely able to discern between real and fake news even in our emotion condition, this effect size suggests that belief in fake news was still meaningfully increased by the emotion induction.

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Change 3, 399–404 (2013). Stoeckel, F. How politics shape views toward fact-checking: evidence from six European countries. 001), and that greater negative emotion results in decreased discernment between real and fake news (b = − 0. Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention. However, joint significance was observed for the three-way interaction among condition, type of news, and partisanship, F(2, 36, 946. First, in line with general trends in psychology and elsewhere, research methods in the field of misinformation should be improved. For example, messages that aim to generate fear of harm can successfully change attitudes, intentions and behaviours under certain conditions if recipients feel they can act effectively to avoid the harm 70. Evidence for this account comes from studies demonstrating that the CIE increases as a function of factors associated with increased familiarity (such as repetition) 107 and reduced recollection (such as advanced participant age and longer study-test delays) 92. Like a situation in which emotional persuasion trump's factual accuracy of wikipedia. Wahlheim, C. N., Alexander, T. & Peske, C. Reminders of everyday misinformation statements can enhance memory for and belief in corrections of those statements in the short term. Reducing native advertising deception: revisiting the antecedents and consequences of persuasion knowledge in digital news contexts. Ecker, U. H., Lewandowsky, S., Chang, E. & Pillai, R. The effects of subtle misinformation in news headlines.

Micallef, N., Avram, M., Menczer, F. & Patil, S. Fakey. For instance, faith in intuition and one's general feelings associated with information processing (e. g., 'I trust my initial feelings about the facts') have been found to be associated with belief in conspiracy theories and falsehoods in science and politics (Garrett and Weeks 2017). This tendency is concerning: even though a small number of social media accounts spread an outsized amount of misleading content 67, 68, 69, if consumers do not remember the dubious origin, they might not discount the content accordingly. Emotions and affective responses have been found to be relatively stable over time (Diener and Larsen 1984), and these stable emotional states thus may reflect general affective personality traits. Holocaust Genocide Stud. Breaking Harmony Square: a game that inoculates against political misinformation.